The importance of the Baghdad School of Sufism The WritePass Journal

The importance of the Baghdad School of Sufism Abstract The importance of the Baghdad School of Sufism .  A soaring Minaret: Abu Bakr al-Wasiti and the Rise of the Baghdadi Sufism. Wong, E. 2005. Sufis Under Attack as Sunni Rifts Widen.  NYTimes, 1 (2), pp. 1-3. [Accessed: 2 Dec 2013]. Wright, J. 1995. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.  Cambridge Univ Press. [1] Karamustafa, A. 2007.  Sufism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 20 [2] Ibid p. 20 [3] Ibid p. 20 [4] Knysh, A. 2000.  Islamic mysticism. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p.48 [5] Geoffroy, E. and Gaetani, R. 2010.  Introduction to Sufism. Bloomington, Ind.: World Wisdom. p. 1 [6] Silvers, L. 2013.  A soaring Minaret: Abu Bakr al-Wasiti and the Rise of the Baghdadi Sufism p. 3. [7] Ibid. p. 3 [8] Ibid, p. 26 [9] Geoffroy et al p. 2 [10]Melchert, C. 2001. The hanabila and the Early Sufis.  Arabica, 3 (1), p. 352. [11] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 30 [12] Frank, D. and Leaman, O. 1996.  Routledge history of world philosophies. London [etc.]: Routledge. [13] Ibid p. 49 [14] Schimmel A. 1975. Mysitical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University fo North Carolina Press. P. 57 [15] Ibid. p. 58 [16] Neale, H. 2007.  Sufism, godliness and popular Islamic storytelling in FariÌ„d al-DiÌ„n Ê »AtÃŒ £tÃŒ £aÌ„rs TadÃŒ ²kiratu-l- Ê ¼awliyaÌ„ [17] Ê ¼.Ibid, p. 20 [18] Ephrat, D. 2008.  Spiritual wayfarers, leaders in piety. Cambridge, Mass. p. 16 [19] Ibid, p. 18 [20] Schimmel, A. 1975.  p. 58 [21] Schimmel, A. 1975 p. 61 [22] Ibid, p. 58 [23] Ibid, p. 59 [24] Sells, M. 1996. Early Islamic Mysticism:   Sufi, Koran, Mi’raj, Poetic and Theological Writings.   p. 27. [25] Sells M. 1996. p. 28. [26] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 2 [27] Ibid p. 28 [28] Geoffroy, E. and Gaetani, R. 2010.  Introduction to Sufism. Bloomington, Ind.: World Wisdom. p. 72. [29] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 3 [30] Ibid. p. 18 [31] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 18 [32] Ibid. p. 72. [33] Ibid p. 72 [34] Ibid. p. 72 [35] Karamustafa, A. 2007. p. 19 [36] Knysh 2000 p. 755 [37] Ibid. 20. [38] Ibid. 21 [39] Knysh 2000 p. 755 [40] Karamustafa 2007 p. 31 [41] Ibid. p. 31 [42] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 56 [43] Wong, E. 2005. Sufis Under Attack as Sunni Rifts Widen.  NYTimes, 1 (2), pp. 1-3. [Accessed: 2 Dec 2013]. [44] Ibid. p. 2 [45] Ibid. p. 3 [46] Abun-Nasr, J. 2007.  Muslim communities of grace. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 1 [47] Ibid. p. 140 [48] Renard, J. 2009.  Tales of Gods friends. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Womens Health Paper

Womens Health Paper Womens Health Paper Similarily, in the novel, Blu’s Hanging, 13 year old Ivah is burdened with the roles of her mother when her mother dies of leprosy. She carries out the typical female duties such as cooking, cleaning, laundry and making sure her younger siblings are taken care of. But towards the end of the novel, the author Lois-Ann Yamanaka adds dimension to Ivah because she sends her to a college prep school. This shows depth to the character because even though Ivah does think that she cannot leave her siblings because there would be no one to take care of them, she still ends up going to the school in Honolulu. This represents the advancement of â€Å"Asian American† and how getting an education and going to college will give more opportunities to Ivah and also her siblings. If Ivah was back home in Japan, she would most likely have continued on with taking care of her father and siblings and not thought of the idea of continuing on her education. However, Casey, the daughter of Joseph and Leah, juxtaposed Leah. Casey is an independent, outspoken daughter who demands that she be treated equally and respectfully. During the argument with her father, she talked back and yelled at him and was shocked that her father was being so ungrateful and inconsiderate towards her circumstances about having no job when she just recently graduated college. She was ignoring some of her father’s remarks and became overly aggressive and angry towards him. Her father said, â€Å"This girl has no respect for me...She’s not†¦good† (15). Even though Casey was disrespecting her father in

Business Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Markets - Essay Example A distinction made between incomes i.e. the amount of money that a man earns, and real income which means the quantity of goods and the services which he can buy with that amount of money. In times of technical progress, there is a large output of cheap goods. The purchasing power of money increases or it may be said, real income increase. Less money will be needed to purchase the same quantity of goods and the saving of money will be utilized for the purchase of the other good. The demand schedule will have to be recast. Some goods may be eliminated from consumption and instead entirely new goods purchase; demand for some goods will decrease and that for others increase. Where there is inflation the additional money will add to the purchasing power of the commodity, and the prices will rise but this rise in price is not uniform in case of all goods. People will have to readjust their expenditure: demand for certain things will be reduced and for other stimulated. Through the instrument of public finance for example by taxing the rich and spending the funds so obtained on the poor, wealth is redistributed. There is a transfer of spending power. This bound to affect demand. Demand for those goods will increases which are purchased by a class whose spending power has increased, and vice versa. The larger if the average household income, greater is the demand for the commodities they consume. Change in saving. Demand for goods is affected by a change in the household's propensity to save. Large saving means less money to purchase the goods. The demand will there for decrease. Change in asset preferences. It is quit obvious that if a consumer develops the marked liquidity preferences his demand for goods will decrease, because he prefers to keep with him ready cash instead of buying things. Change in Expectations or Anticipations. Expectation also brings a change in demand. If prices are expected to rise in future the demand for goods will increases now in the present. Similarly expectation of rising incomes will restrain current purchase and postpone purchases to a future favorable situation. Change in Conditions of trade. Demand for every thing is greater in boom even though the prices are rising. On the other hand in time s of depression there is a general slacking of demand. Change in Price of related goods. Substitutes In case of substitutes for example tea and coffee an increase in the consumption of one will lead to a decrease in the consumption of the other. When a decline in the price of one good results in the decline in the demand for another good they are substitutes. Or two goods are substitutes if the demand for one is directly related to the price if other. Complements In case of complements for example horse and carriage increases demand for one will

Article summarize Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarize - Article Example 30 female and 39 male participants completed all the requirements and were included in the data analysis (Tate 2008, p. 19). In assessing self-monitoring, the synder and Gangestad’s version of a self-monitoring scale was used (Tate 2008, p. 19). A measure of authentic leadership was created during the research because no such measures were in existence. The created measure was based on Georges five characteristics of authentic leadership that are; passion for the purpose, leading with heart, demonstrating self-discipline, practicing solid values, and establishing enduring relationships. The responses were using the 5-point Likert-type scale (Tate 2008, p. 19). To test hypotheses 5, 3, and 1 of the research, correlational analysis was used while hypotheses 4 and 2 were tested using Hierarchical Liner Modeling (Tate 2008, p. 20). The results failed to support hypotheses 5, 3, and 1. There was no substantial correlation between perceptions of leadership and self-monitoring. Based on the results, neither authentic leadership nor self-monitoring correlated with self-rated perceptions of leadership. Leadership perceptions over time were, however, positively related to all measurement times (Tate 2008, p. 21). The researcher concluded that the variations on how individuals are seen as leaders by others have effects on leadership practice (Tate 2008, p. 27).

Business Entities, Laws, and Regulations Paper Essay Example for Free

Business Entities, Laws, and Regulations Paper Essay There are different scenarios with three different forms of entities that require taking control, taxation, and possible liability issues into account. These considerations will not only serve to ensure compliance is met but also so that each establishment is protected. In the first scenario Lou and Jose plan to open a restaurant/sports bar, the issue is that they have not accumulated of the money, but Miriam, a prosperous investor is willing to contribute the funds although she doesn’t have time to be physically involved in the business. In the second scenario Frank happens to be a wealthy investor who has a strategy to open up a chain of exterminating businesses throughout the United States. The third scenario is Akiva and Tara wants to open a licensed obstetrician office, they will take out a loan for startup costs. The fourth and final scenario a construction company is hiring and has specific job requirements that must be met in order to be selected as the final candidate. Restaurant/Bar Lou and Jose plan to open a sport bar/restaurant, a place where customer will be able to socialize while watching sports on large-screen TVs. The major issue is that Lou and Jose do not have the funds to put these plans to action. But they do know of a wealthy investor Miriam, who is willing to invest her wealth in making the sport bar/restaurant happen. Miriam doesn’t have much time to be involved in the day to day operation but is willing provide capital in return for a percentage of ownership. It is at Lou’s and Jose’s best interest to make their business a Limited Partnership business. A limited partnership is the best option for Lou and Jose since they have one partner who will invest capital but will not participate in management (Cheeseman, 2010). In order to do so Lou and Jose must file for a certificate of Limited Partnership through the secretary of state and must comply with the statutory requirement of the RULPA (Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act) (Cheeseman, 2010). Once the certificate of limited partnership is filed a limited partnership is formed. Each partner will be responsible for filing his or her own tax information and they will also be responsible for the reporting of the company tax information as a whole. Extermination business scenario Frank is a prosperous investor who would like to open a chain of exterminating businesses throughout the United States. Since Frank is interested in opening several establishments throughout the United States, the best option for him would be to have his business set up as a franchise business. In his particular case a chain-style franchise would be more beneficial as this would allow each establishment to make and sell its services to the public in the different parts of the country. Frank as the franchisor would be responsible for his own contracts and torts and the franchisee is liable for his own contracts and torts. Each prospect franchisee would have to apply with franchisor for a franchise. If approved the parties would enter a franchise agreement and the franchisor and franchisee would be set up as separate entities. Therefore each operation owner is responsible for filing his or her tax documents and ensuring that they are in compliance. Professional Practice Akiva and Tara have completed all the requirements needed for them to open up their own obstetrician’s office. Since Akiva and Tara are just newly out of the medical field, I think that they may want to consider having an LLC. A limited liability company (LLC) is an unincorporated business entity that combines the most favorable attributes of general partnerships, limited partnerships, and corporations. An LLC is taxed as a partnership unless it chooses to be taxed as a corporation, the owners can manage the business, and the owners have limited liability. Many entrepreneurs who begin new businesses choose the LLC as their legal form for conducting business† (Cheeseman, 2010. P. 267). An LLC is a separate legal unit (or legal individual) separate from its associates. LLCs can sue or be sued by people who have entered into a legal contract. Construction Scenario In this scenario Surebuild, Inc is a new construction company and Mei-Lin is the hiring manager and is found in the middle of a dilemma of which candidates to interview as she has specifically stated in the description that a high school diploma is required from that of the successful candidate. The first thing Surebuild, Inc needs to do is to hire a Human Resource Manager to ensure that Surebuild is in compliance with the federal, state, and local government. Regarding the applicants that have applied Surebuild needs to avoid making any decision that may violate discrimination of sex, age, origin of nationality. One of the applicants is Michelle, who is 35 years of age who shows to be pregnant and happens to be a high school graduate, and was once employed as a jackhammer operator. In this case Surebuild, Inc need to make sure there is no discrimination against Michelle since she is a female who happens to be pregnant or the company will be liable and probably sued. Especially because Michelle has met the requirement listed as a qualification for a successful candidate. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted to eliminate job discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. Another applicant is Eric who is 55 years of age who has experience with a jackhammer without a high school diploma. In this case if the company is specifically looking for experience on the jackhammer they need to focus on that and make their decision based on the same and not on Eric’s age because then they would be committing discrimination against age. The defense the company can have is that Eric does not have a high school diploma a specific requirement that must be met. Felipe is a 38 year old applicant who does not speak any English and also has no high school diploma. The requirement for this position also states that the candidate is required to have a high school diploma, something Felipe does not have. The fact that Felipe does not speak English can be seen as a discrimination of origin of nationality but the company has proof that the applicant did not meet the requirements as he does not have a high school diploma. The last applicant is Nick a 23 year old college graduate who happens to be epileptic, and no experience with a jackhammer. Under the Title I of the ADA states that employment discrimination against individuals who are qualified with disabilities in respect to job application procedures, hiring compensation, training, promotion and termination is prohibited. Cheeseman, 2010. In this case the company should interview Nick as they would any possible candidate and make their determination based on their job requirements and the positions requirements. In this case he has more than a high school diploma but lacks the experience, he can be given training and possibly learn how to use a jackhammer but if the job cannot accommodate his epileptic condition and or will he be at a higher risk of injury because of the type of job then the company. Every company’s top priority for its employees is to ensure the safety of its employees and if Nick’s elliptical condition can cause severe injury to him or those around him while working on the jackhammer then the company needs to make a decision of not hiring Nick. Should they hire him with his condition and an accident takes place that cause’s major injury to Nick or another employee the company can be liable and required to pay the expenses, medical bills, and punitive damages. The company can possibly even be sued. Everyone business has a responsibility of ensuring that not only are they in compliance with the secretary of state when it comes to the proper registration of their business but they also have a huge responsibility to society, its employees, and to themselves. It is important that every business understand that there are federal, state, and local regulations they must abide by in order to avoid liability and possibly law suits. It is also important that they abide by them in order to give fair and proper treatment to its personnel as those are the individuals that drive the company and most of the times make it a successful business. This not only is beneficial to the company but to the employees and to our world economy.

Football Referees: Friends or Foes Essay example -- essays research pa

Football Referees: Friends or Foes? In football referees can be categorized into three types –Blind, Deaf, and Dumb. Being a football player myself, I have experienced all of these different types and I am still trying to discover which one I like best. The referees categorized as blind were cursed with the inability to see more than two feet in front of their faces. No matter how blatantly obvious a penalty appears to be, this type of referee will flabbergast the stadium by making no call. In fact, the absence of penalties has led fans of the game to speculate as to the real cause of these referees’ optical challenges. Some suggest that perhaps their eyes have nothing wrong with them at all. Just maybe, the bright stadium lights draw in all of their attention. While they focus on the lights, watching the game becomes nearly impossible. Another suggestion is that they left their glasses in their other striped shirt and the whole game is nothing but a blur. Regardless of the cause of their visual disturbance, blind refs continue to shock the crowd with their inability to see the game as well as any fan seated in the cheap seats of the stadium. The referees labeled as deaf I like to consider as the aristocrats of all the referees. These refs believe that they were born with a superior ability to see the game. They believe that wherever they position themselves on the field, they have the capability to see the game better than any other individual. This â€Å"ability† of thei...

People work because they need money to live

People work because they need money to live. What are some other reasons that people work. Discuss one or more of these reasons. Use specific examples and details to support your answer. By devochkacluny People work because they need money to live. What are some other reasons that people work. Discuss one or more of these reasons. use specific examples and details to support your answer. Some people work because they need money to live. I do not agree with this idea. In my opinion, to Improve myself, broaden my perspective and discipline myself are what I expect from work.As these will be ingrained in me forever, It does not like money which is finally used up. Nowadays, business is highly competitive. Companies have to produce goods and services rapidly. They require competent employees who are able to work effectively. Competent employees should be a fast-learning person who can work Immediately without much training. They need to put their time and energy to finish their Job respo nsibility correctly and quickly. As a result, we have to Improve ourselves to be competent employees who are able to work in todays world. Moreover, I work in order to broaden my erspective.In working life, we come Into contact with many people such as customers, supervisors, colleagues and subordinates. We have to communicate with people having different backgrounds and behaviors which enable us to learn and try to adjust ourselves to work with the differences. Very often, I need to work as a team In order to brainstorm ideas. I usually get many new ideas from others which I have never thought about them before. It significantly helps me widen my perspective. Working also helps us to become more disciplined. Workers have to follow corporate rules and regulations.They have to work continuously during work time. Furthermore, they have to be evaluated their job performance whether they should be promoted or whether they are unqualified for such position causing them to maintain their performance well all the time. These kinds of behavior will finally become a habit because we do It In everyday definitely helping us to develop self- discipline. In sum, from my perspective, I work in order to improve myself, broaden my perspective and discipline myself because these things will help me to be a valuable person. It cannot definitely happen, If we do not work.

The Effects of Dysfunctional Families

Self-destruction of the Mind Many children grow up in dysfunctional families and in order to know what a dysfunctional family is, we have to understand how it operates. No family is perfect and disagreements, bickering and yelling are normal. But the word we are looking for here is â€Å"balance†. This is exactly what dysfunctional families’ lack, whether parents are controlling, deficient, alcoholic or abusive, they have an adverse, long term effect on the children even long after they have grown up and left home. Many of these adults from dysfunctional families often feel inadequate and incomplete.They have difficulty with intimate relationships and often develop compulsive behaviors and addictions, being self-destructive in their own mind. Let us consider a family that is too controlling, where parents are over dominating and do not allow their children simple fun and deny them of their independence. These parents continue to make decisions and control their children even at an age where it is unnecessary. So growing up and learning to be independent can be difficult, a feeling of anger and resentment may present itself.Transition into adulthood poses some struggle to these adults who often feel unsure of themselves and guilty because they feel as though they are disobeying their parents by making their own decisions. Let us take a look at the other extreme where parents are deficient in their roles and are not present in the rearing of their children. These parents leave their children to often fend for themselves which forces them to grow up too fast. Taking on adult responsibilities to make up for the parental inadequacy, these kids ignore their feelings and often grow up not knowing how to show emotion.They find it difficult to form and maintain intimate relationships, they fear getting close to others for fear of abandonment. They often develop a sense of helplessness and blame themselves for the absence of their parents. Whether there is too much parental discipline or a lack of guidance, children growing up without this balance often fear badly. And when alcohol, drug abuse and abusive behavior on the parents part is thrown in, this can be very damaging to these children all through their life. This kind of environment strikes terror in these children, they feel afraid to make mistakes and often live on the edge of fear.Abused children feel anger, frustration and are usually insecure. They do not feel comfortable at home and never voice their opinions. They do not trust easily and find it hard to maintain relationships. Adults grown up from alcoholic and abusive families develop all these negative character traits and often never grow out of them. Children of alcoholics and drug abusers are at much higher risk for developing substance abuse than are children in healthy families. Therefore, unfortunately many of these adults create their own pattern of compulsive behavior and addictions.The effects of dysfunctional families are long term and most times these children are robbed of their childhood. Whether families are over functioning by not allowing children breathing room to think for themselves or under functioning by neglecting the needs of their kids, these families are inconsistent and lack the proper balance of discipline and freedom. As a result these children grow up with trouble maintaining positive self-esteem, they often blame themselves for the dysfunctions in the family and this feeling of helplessness and unworthiness carries on throughout their adulthood.They struggle with trust and intimate relationships and sadly some fall into the pit of alcoholism and drug abuse. These children are victims and these negative self-images they have of themselves causes them to become self-destructive in their own mind. With positive thinking and the correct mindset and with the right help they can overcome these difficulties. References Bentont, S. (1993). www. k-state. edu. Retrieved from ht tp://www. k-state. edu/counseling/topics/relationships/dysfunc. html Bohli, E. (2012). Symptoms of adults from dysfunctional families. Retrieved from http://www. erikbohlin. net/Handouts/Coming_from_dysfunction. pdf

Free Essays on Crime & Punishment

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT Whatever happened to the old axiom "Don't do the crime if you can't do the time"? The reality, of course, is that it seems to be getting more and more difficult to put criminals behind bars. This leads directly to a growing disregard and disrespect for the law. This should hardly be a surprise. Why think twice about committing a crime if you have little reason to fear the consequences? Today's "prisoner" seems to have little to fear. Many find themselves better off behind bars than they were on the street. Modern prisons seem more like country clubs than the classic notion of "prisons". The average yearly cost of incarcerating a prisoner is greater than the average annual income of a sizable number of American families. While those law-abiding families struggle to get by, many prisoners are getting three square meals a day, free workout and recreational facilities, and don't have to work. A phalanx of liberal attorneys are available to defend the prisoner's "rights" while the victims of that same prisoner's crimes get tossed aside and forgotten. Inmates sentenced to death often spend a decade or more in jail while the appeals process drags on and on and on. There's more than a little wrong here. First and foremost is the notion that a prisoner has any "rights" that could be violated. "Rights" are the benefits afforded to law-abiding citizens. They are not reasons to avoid paying for one's crimes. As far as I'm concerned, if someone is convicted of a crime and sent to jail, they have *no* rights for the period of their sentence. Prisoners are supposedly "repaying their debt to society". How can they be doing that if they contribute nothing to that same society while in prison? They need to be put to work. There's an endless number of jobs that they could be doing to benefit society at large. For example, why let trash accumulate all over the landscape just because people don't want to take paying jo... Free Essays on Crime & Punishment Free Essays on Crime & Punishment CRIME AND PUNISHMENT Whatever happened to the old axiom "Don't do the crime if you can't do the time"? The reality, of course, is that it seems to be getting more and more difficult to put criminals behind bars. This leads directly to a growing disregard and disrespect for the law. This should hardly be a surprise. Why think twice about committing a crime if you have little reason to fear the consequences? Today's "prisoner" seems to have little to fear. Many find themselves better off behind bars than they were on the street. Modern prisons seem more like country clubs than the classic notion of "prisons". The average yearly cost of incarcerating a prisoner is greater than the average annual income of a sizable number of American families. While those law-abiding families struggle to get by, many prisoners are getting three square meals a day, free workout and recreational facilities, and don't have to work. A phalanx of liberal attorneys are available to defend the prisoner's "rights" while the victims of that same prisoner's crimes get tossed aside and forgotten. Inmates sentenced to death often spend a decade or more in jail while the appeals process drags on and on and on. There's more than a little wrong here. First and foremost is the notion that a prisoner has any "rights" that could be violated. "Rights" are the benefits afforded to law-abiding citizens. They are not reasons to avoid paying for one's crimes. As far as I'm concerned, if someone is convicted of a crime and sent to jail, they have *no* rights for the period of their sentence. Prisoners are supposedly "repaying their debt to society". How can they be doing that if they contribute nothing to that same society while in prison? They need to be put to work. There's an endless number of jobs that they could be doing to benefit society at large. For example, why let trash accumulate all over the landscape just because people don't want to take paying jo...

Karl Landsteiner and the Discovery of the Major Blood Types

Karl Landsteiner and the Discovery of the Major Blood Types Austrian physician and immunologist Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 - June 26, 1943) is most noted for his discovery of the major blood types and developing a system for blood typing. This discovery made it possible to determine blood compatibility for safe blood transfusions. Fast Facts: Karl Landsteiner Born: June 14, 1868, in Vienna, AustriaDied: June 26, 1943, in New York, New YorkParents Names: Leopold and Fanny Hess LandsteinerSpouse: Helen Wlasto (m. 1916)Child: Ernst Karl LandsteinerEducation: University of Vienna (M.D.)Key Accomplishments: Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1930) Early Years Karl Landsteiner was born in Vienna, Austria in 1868, to Fanny and Leopold Landsteiner. His father was a popular journalist and Viennese newspaper publisher and editor. The death of Karls father, when he was only six years of age, resulted in the development of an even closer relationship between Karl and his mother. Young Karl was always interested in science and mathematics and was an honor student during his primary and secondary school years. In 1885, he began studying medicine at the University of Vienna and earned an M.D. in 1891. While at the University of Vienna, Landsteiner became very interested in blood chemistry. Upon earning his M.D., he spent the next five years doing biochemical research in laboratories of well known European scientists, one of whom was Emil Fischer, an organic chemist who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1902) for his research on carbohydrates, specifically sugars. Career and Research Dr. Landsteiner returned to Vienna in 1896 to continue to study medicine at Vienna General Hospital. He became an assistant to Max von Gruber at the Hygiene Institute, where he studied antibodies and immunity. Von Gruber had developed a blood test to identify the bacteria responsible for typhoid and contended that chemical signals on the bacteria were being recognized by antibodies in the blood. Landsteiners interest in antibody studies and immunology continued to develop as a result of working with Von Gruber. In 1898, Landsteiner became assistant to Anton Weichselbaum at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy. For the next ten years, he conducted research in the areas of serology, microbiology, and anatomy. During this time, Landsteiner made his famous discovery of blood groups and developed a system for classifying human blood. Discovery of the Blood Groups Dr. Landsteiners investigations of interactions between red blood cells (RBCs) and serum of different people were initially noted in 1900. He observed the agglutination, or clumping together, of red blood cells when mixed with animal blood or other human blood. While Landsteiner was not the first to make these observations, he is credited with being the first to explain the biological processes behind the reaction. Landsteiner performed experiments testing red blood cells against serum from the same patient as well as serum from different patients. He noted that a patients RBCs did not agglutinate in the presence of their own serum. He also identified different patterns of reactivity and categorized them into three groups: A, B, and C. Landsteiner observed that when the RBCs from group A were mixed with serum from group B, the cells in group A clumped together. The same was true when RBCs from group B were mixed with serum from group A. The blood cells of group C did not react to serum from either groups A or B. However, the serum from group C caused agglutination in RBCs from both groups A and B. This image shows agglutination (clumping) of type A red blood cells when mixed with ANTI-A serum. No clumping occurs when mixed with ANTI-B serum.   Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images Landsteiner determined that blood groups A and B have different types of agglutinogens, or antigens, on the surface of their red blood cells. They also have different antibodies (anti-A, anti-B) present in their blood serum. A student of Landsteiners later identified an AB blood group that reacted with both A and B antibodies. Landsteiners discovery became the basis for the ABO blood grouping system (as the name of group C was later changed to type O). Landsteiners work laid the foundation for our understanding of blood groupings. Cells from blood type A have A antigens on the cell surfaces and B antibodies in the serum, while cells from type B have B antigens on the cell surfaces and A antibodies in the serum. When type A RBCs contact serum from type B, A antibodies present in B serum bind to A antigens on the blood cell surfaces. This binding causes the cells to clump together. Antibodies in the serum identify the blood cells as foreign and initiate an immune response to neutralize the threat. A similar reaction occurs when type B RBCs contact serum from type A containing B antibodies. Blood type O has no antigens on the blood cell surfaces and do not react with serum from either types A or B. Blood type O does have both A and B antibodies in the serum and thus reacts with RBCs from both A and B groups. Landsteiners work made blood typing possible for safe blood transfusions. His findings were published in the Central European Journal of Medicine, Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, in 1901. He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1930) for this life saving accomplishment. In 1923, Landsteiner made additional blood grouping discoveries while working in New York at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. He helped to identify blood groups M, N, and P, which were initially used in paternity testing. In 1940, Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener discovered the Rh factor blood group, named for research conducted with rhesus monkeys. The presence of the Rh factor on blood cells indicates an Rh positive (Rh) type. The absence of the Rh factor indicates an Rh negative (Rh-) type. This discovery provided a means for Rh blood type matching to prevent incompatibility reactions during transfusions.   Death and Legacy   Karl Landsteiners contribution to medicine extended beyond blood groupings. In 1906, he developed a technique for the identification of the bacterium (T. pallidum) that causes syphilis using dark-field microscopy. His work with poliomyelitis (polio virus) lead to the discovery of its mechanism of action and development of a diagnostic blood test for the virus. In addition, Landsteiners research on small molecules called haptens helped to elucidate their involvement in the immune response and the production of antibodies. These molecules ramp up immune responses to antigens and induce hypersensitivity reactions. Landsteiner continued researching blood groups after retiring from the Rockefeller Institute in 1939. He would later change his focus to the study of malignant tumors in an attempt to find a cure for his wife, Helen Wlasto (m. 1916), who was diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Karl Landsteiner suffered a heart attack while in his laboratory and died a couple of days later on June 26, 1943. Sources Durand, Joel K., and Monte S. Willis. Karl Landsteiner, MD: Transfusion Medicine. Laboratory Medicine, vol. 41, no. 1, 2010, pp. 53–55., doi:10.1309/lm0miclh4gg3qndc.  Erkes, Dan A., and Senthamil R. Selvan. Hapten-Induced Contact Hypersensitivity, Autoimmune Reactions, and Tumor Regression: Plausibility of Mediating Antitumor Immunity. Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2014, 2014, pp. 1–28., doi:10.1155/2014/175265.  Karl Landsteiner – Biographical. Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1930/landsteiner/biographical/.

Methods of Investments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods of Investments - Essay Example Money market accounts are a type of savings account, in which money is invested at a high-interest rate, with high restrictions on its withdrawal.A money market account offers a very high rate of interest on the amount deposited. Furthermore, the interest is compounded daily, and paid monthly, which means that the interest amount keeps on increasing based on the compounded interest. This normally pays off the highest, and it is safe due to the fact that most money market banking systems are insured by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.There mostly is a high cap on the minimum amount that may be left in a money market account so most banks might not even accept the $1,000 as a deposit amount. Furthermore, there are restrictions on the number of transactions that can be made per month which limits user control, and there are high transaction fees as well. All these things have to be kept in check when a money market account is made.A passbook savings account is one for which all tr ansactions including deposits, withdrawals, and interest, are recorded in a passbook accessible to the account holder. This is updated by the bank on a routine basis.A passbook savings account allows the account holder to observe his banking trends and extract profitable patterns from the records. Also, this account has a higher degree of transaction freedom than a money market account. Thus it is beneficial to those account holders who have a keen interest in the trends and they do not need a monthly statement.

Case Study of Human Resources In Business Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Human Resources In Business - Case Study Example E.g., The several issue of support, political affairs, turnaround time, etc. The "red tape" a familiar concept deals with a larger organization. Less significant companies are almost certainly going to be inclined towards less ordered factors, such as lack of sustain, budget foresight or lack of budget, inadequate resources, no comprehensible funding to take projects. An additional feature almost and always identified in the smaller companies will be disorganization. A group of that stalk from be deficient in of method for example, is the a good hiring (HR) procedure in place Often not, and that way fresh staff may not be as systematically scrutinized and well-fit to the project or association. as a result, revenue could be elevated. Actually, there can be rise in the environmental factors without difficulty. By analyzing the nook and corner of an organization (or envision a unique situation). suppose "what troubles will be faced in a new environment," and observe the same with the final results. External resources have been used in this structure to symbolize what conventionally are named as suppliers, vendors, associates and joint-ventures, as well as public organisations, authoritarian boards, restricted communities, etc. they are employed to offer products or services necessary to achieve a given chore for the organization. The external environment is â€Å"Conditions, entities, events, and factors surrounding an organization which influence its activities and choices, and determine its opportunities and risks. Also called operating environment.† (External environment, n.d). System of exterior resources has a wider outlook of the supply chain, together with the relations that resources might have which are not openly associated to supply the goods to the organization. Usually, monitoring of external resources on the company was done by the sum of funds spent by purchasing of the product and by identifying the expense